Entrepreneurial Education and Latina Business Owner Preferences: Do Gender and Race Matter?
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Sep 27, 2017
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Abstract
The objective of this study is to contribute to the understanding of the Latina entrepreneur and the role that training plays in their personal knowledge, skills, and attitude development. We propose to assess the types of training selected by Latina entrepreneurs in order to begin to identify potential explanations for entrepreneurial performance. Thus, in this paper, we explore the role that gender and minority ethnicity might play on the nature of entrepreneurial training sought and engaged in by business owners of entrepreneurial ventures. Specifically, we compare Latino business owners to non-Latino entrepreneurs and Latina to Latino male entrepreneurs in order to examine whether or not there is an influence of the race/ethnicity of business owners on their selection of business training category. Further, we explore the impact of gender on the choice of business training category. We differentiate training preference as affective (relational) and cognitive (operational). Our findings suggest that there are may be ethnic and gender differences in the type of training preference.
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References
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[27] Hannon, Paul D. 2006. “Teaching pigeons to dance: Sense and meaning in entrepreneurship education. “Education and Training, 48(5): 296-308.
[28] Hayton, James C. 2003. “Strategic human capital management in SMEs: an empirical study of entrepreneurial performance.”Human Resource Management, 42, 375-391.
[29] Henry, Collette, Frances Hill, and Claire Leitch. 2005. “Entrepreneurship education and training: can entrepreneurship be taught? Part 1”. Education and Training, 47(2): 98-111.
[30] Hirsch, Robert D., and Michael P. Peters. 1998. “Entrepreneurship, Starting, Developing and Managing a New Enterprise”, 4th ed., Chicago , IL.: Irwin.
[31] Hofstede, Geert. 1986. “Cultural differences in teaching and learning.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 10(3), 301-320.
[32] Holt, Douglas B. 1997. “Poststructuralist lifestyle analysis: analyzing the patterning of consumption in postmodernity.” Journal of Consumer Research, 23, 326-350.
[33] Jones, Kellye, and Raydel Tullous. 2002. “Behaviors of pre-venture entrepreneurs and perceptions of their financial needs.” Journal of Small Business Management. 40(3): 233-249.
[34] Kollinger, Phillip, and Maria Minniti. 2006. “Not for lack of trying: American entrepreneurship in black and white.” Small Business Economics, 27: 59-79.
[35] Kraiger, Kurt, Kevin J. Ford, and Eduardo Salas. 1993. “Application of cognitive, skill-based, and affective theories of learning outcomes to new methods of training evaluation.” Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(2): 311-328.
[36] Kraiger, Kurt. 2003. Perspectives on Training and Development. In Handbook of Psychology: Volume 12, Industrial and Organizational Psychology, ed. WC Borman, DR Ilgen, RJ Klimoski, pp. 171-192. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
[37] Krueger, Jr., Norris F., and Deborah V. Brazeal. 1994. “Entrepreneurial potential and potential entrepreneurs.” Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 18(3): 91-104.
[38] Krueger, Jr., Norris F., Michael D. Reilly, and Alan L. Carsrud. 2000. “Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions.” Journal of Business Venturing 15(5-6): 411-452.
[39] Kuratko, Donald F. 2005. “The emergence of entrepreneurship: Development, trends and challenges.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(5): 577-598.
[40] Kyro,Paula. 2008. “A theoretical framework for teaching and learning entrepreneurship”. International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 2(1): 39-55.
[41] Maysami, Ramin Cooper and Valerie P. Goby. 1999. “Female business owners in Singapore and elsewhere: A review of studies. Journal of Small Business Management, 37: 96-105.
[42] McClelland, David C. 1965. “Toward a theory of motive acquisition.” American Psychologist, 20(5): 321-333.
[43] Mescon, Timothy S. 1987. “The entrepreneurial institute: Education and training for minority small business owners. “Journal of small Business Management, 25(7):61-66.
[44] Ozgen, Eren. 2007. “Social sources of information in opportunity recognition: effects of mentors, industry networks and professional forums.” Journal of Business Venturing, 22(2): 174-192.
[45] Robb, Alicia M. 2002. “Entrepreneurial performance by women and minorities: the case of new firms. “Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 7(4): 383-397.
[46] Robles, Barbara J. and Hector Cordero-Guzman .2007. “Latino self employment and entrepreneurship in the United States: An overview of the Literature and data sources. “The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 613(1): 192.
[47] Shim, Soyeon, and Mary Ann Eastlick. 1998. “Characteristics of Hispanic female business owners: An exploratory study.” Journal of Small Business Management, 36(3): 18-34.
[48] Small Business Administration, Office of Advocacy .2009. “The Small Business Economy, A Report to the President.” United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
[49] Smith-Hunter, Andrea E. and Carol Venezio. 2006. “Hispanic women entrepreneurs: Human capital, financial capital, and network structure relationships. “Journal of Business and Economic Research, 4(7): 29-47.
[50] Stewart Jr., Wayne H., Warren E. Watson, JoAnn C. Carland, and James W. Carland.1999. “A proclivity for entrepreneurship: A comparison of entrepreneurs, small business owners, and corporate managers.” Journal of Business Venturing, 14(1): 189-214.
[51] Stewart Jr., Wayne H. and Phillip L. Roth. 2001. “Risk propensity differences between entrepreneurs and managers: A meta-analytical review.” Journal of Applied Psychology. 86(1), 145-153.
[52] Taylor, Paul J., Darlene F. Russ-Eft, and Daniel W.L. Chan. 2005. “A meta-analytic review of behavior modeling training.” Journal of Applied Psychology. 90 (4): 692-709.
[53] Tharenou, Phyllis, Alan M. Saks, Cella Moore. 2007.” A review and critique of research on training and organizational-level outcomes.” Human Resource Management Review, 17(3): 251-273.
[54] Thomas, Anisya S. and Stephen L. Mueller. 2000. “A case for comparative entrepreneurship: Assessing the relevance of culture”. Journal of International Business Studies, 31(2): 287-301.
[55] Triana, Armando R., Harold P. Welsch, and Earl C. Young. 1984. “Information search patterns among Hispanic entrepreneurs.” Journal of Small Business Management, 22:39-48.
[56] 55.U.S. Census Bureau, Survey of Business Owners. 2010,2007. www.csd.sbo@census.gov.
[57] U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration. 2007, 2010. “Women-owned businesses in the 21st century.” Washington, D.C.
[58] Wohlers, Arthur I., and Manuel London. 1989. “Ratings of managerial characteristics: valuation difficulty, co-worker agreement, and self awareness.” Personnel Psychology, 42(2): 235-261.
[59] Young, Marilyn. 2002. ” An examination of information sources and assistance programs available to minority-owned small businesses.” Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 7(4): 429-444.
[2] Birley, Sue, Caroline Moss, and Peter Saunders. 1987. “Do women entrepreneurs require different training?” American Journal of Small Business, 27-35.
[3] Blume, Brian D., Kevin J. Ford, Timothy T. Baldwin, and Jason L. Huang. 2009.
[4] “Transfer of training: A meta-analytic review.” Journal of Management, 36(4): 1065-1105.
[5] Brown, Steven P., Eli Jones, and Thomas W. Leigh. 2005. The attenuating effect of role overload on relationships linking self efficacy and goal level to work performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(5): 972-979.
[6] Bruni, Attilia, Silvia Gherardi, and Barbara Poggio. 2004. “Entrepreneur-mentality, gender and the study of women entrepreneurs”. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 17(3): 256-268.
[7] Brush, Candida G. 1992. “Research on women business owners: Past trends, a new perspective and future directions.” Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 16(4):5-30.
[8] Chaganti, Radha, and Patricia Greene. 2002. “Who are ethnic entrepreneurs?: A study of entrepreneurs’ ethnic involvement and business characteristics.” Journal of Small Business Management, 40(2), 126-143.
[9] Chrisman, James J. and W.Ed McMullan. 2000. “A preliminary assessment of outsider assistance as a knowledge resource: The longer term impact of new venture counseling.” Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 24(3): 37-54.
[10] Christensen, Ronald. 2003. “Significantly insignificant F tests”. American Statistician, 57(1):27-32.
[11] Coleman, Susan. 2007. “The role of human and financial capital in the profitability and growth of women owned small firms.” Journal of Small Business Management, 45, 303-319.
[12] Collins, Orvis F. and David G. Moore .1964. The Enterprising Man. East Lansing, Bureau of Business and Economic Research, Graduate School of Business and Administration, Michigan State University.
[13] Cowling, Marc and Mark Taylor. 2001.” Entrepreneurial women and men: Two different species?” Small Business Economics, 16(3): 167-`75.
[14] Deakins, David. 1996. Entrepreneurship and Small Firms. London: McGraw-Hill.
[15] DeMartino, Richard, and Robert Barbato. 2002. “Differences between women and men MBA entrepreneurs: exploring family flexibility and wealth creation as career motivators.” Journal of Business Venturing, 18: 815-832.
[16] DeNoble, Alex F., Dong Jung, and Sanford B. Ehrlich. 1999. “Entrepreneurial self efficacy: The development of a measure and its relationship to entrepreneurial action.” In P.D. Reynolds, W.D. Bygrave, S. Manigart, C.M. Mason, G.D. Meyer, H. J. Sapienza & K.G. Shaver (Eds.), Frontiers in Entrepreneurial Research, pp. 73-87, Wellesley, MA: Babson College.
[17] DeTienne , Dawn R. and Gaylen N. Chandler. 2004. “Opportunity identification and its role in the entrepreneurial classroom. A pedagoical approach and empirical test.” Academy of Management Learning and Education, 3(3): 242-257.
[18] DuRietz, Anita and Magnus Henrekson. 2000. Testing the female Underperformance Hypothesis. Small Business Economics, 14: 1-10.
[19] Edelman, Linda F., Candida G. Brush, Tatiana S. Manolova, and Patricia G. Greene. 2010. Start-up motivations and growth intentions of minority nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business Management, 48(2): 174-196.
[20] Eddleston, Kimberly, and Gary N. Powell. 2008. “The role of gender identity in explaining sex differences in business owners’ career satisfier preferences.” Journal of Business Venturing, 23, 244-256.
[21] Fairlie, Robert W. and Alicia M. Robb. 2008. “Gender differences in business performance: Evidence from the characteristics of business owners survey.” Small Business Economics, 33 (4): 375-395.
[22] Garavan, Thomas N., and Barra O’Cinneide. 1994. “Entrepreneurship education and training programmes: A review and evaluation-part 1.” Journal of European Industrial Training, 18(8), 3-12.
[23] Gavino, Monica G. and Rowena Ortiz-Walters. 2011. “Utilization of business resources by Latino and Latina Entrepreneurs.” Business Journal of Hispanic Research, 5(1): 16-30.
[24] Gibb, Allan. 2002. “In pursuit of a new ‘enterprise’ and ‘entrepreneurship’ paradigm for learning: creative destruction, new values, new ways of doing things and new combinations of knowledge.” International Journal of Management Reviews, 3: 233-269.
[25] Gorman, Gary, Dennis Hanlon, and Wayne King. 1997.” Some research perspectives on entrepreneurship education, enterprise education and education for small business management: A ten-year literature review.” International Small Business Journal, 15(3): 56-77.
[26] Green, Patricia G., Myrna M. Hart, Elizabeth J. Gatewood, Candida G. Brush, and Nancy M. Carter. 2003. “Women entrepreneurs: Moving front and center; An Overview of research and theory. “Coleman Whitepaper, USASBE website, www.usasbe.org.
[27] Hannon, Paul D. 2006. “Teaching pigeons to dance: Sense and meaning in entrepreneurship education. “Education and Training, 48(5): 296-308.
[28] Hayton, James C. 2003. “Strategic human capital management in SMEs: an empirical study of entrepreneurial performance.”Human Resource Management, 42, 375-391.
[29] Henry, Collette, Frances Hill, and Claire Leitch. 2005. “Entrepreneurship education and training: can entrepreneurship be taught? Part 1”. Education and Training, 47(2): 98-111.
[30] Hirsch, Robert D., and Michael P. Peters. 1998. “Entrepreneurship, Starting, Developing and Managing a New Enterprise”, 4th ed., Chicago , IL.: Irwin.
[31] Hofstede, Geert. 1986. “Cultural differences in teaching and learning.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 10(3), 301-320.
[32] Holt, Douglas B. 1997. “Poststructuralist lifestyle analysis: analyzing the patterning of consumption in postmodernity.” Journal of Consumer Research, 23, 326-350.
[33] Jones, Kellye, and Raydel Tullous. 2002. “Behaviors of pre-venture entrepreneurs and perceptions of their financial needs.” Journal of Small Business Management. 40(3): 233-249.
[34] Kollinger, Phillip, and Maria Minniti. 2006. “Not for lack of trying: American entrepreneurship in black and white.” Small Business Economics, 27: 59-79.
[35] Kraiger, Kurt, Kevin J. Ford, and Eduardo Salas. 1993. “Application of cognitive, skill-based, and affective theories of learning outcomes to new methods of training evaluation.” Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(2): 311-328.
[36] Kraiger, Kurt. 2003. Perspectives on Training and Development. In Handbook of Psychology: Volume 12, Industrial and Organizational Psychology, ed. WC Borman, DR Ilgen, RJ Klimoski, pp. 171-192. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
[37] Krueger, Jr., Norris F., and Deborah V. Brazeal. 1994. “Entrepreneurial potential and potential entrepreneurs.” Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 18(3): 91-104.
[38] Krueger, Jr., Norris F., Michael D. Reilly, and Alan L. Carsrud. 2000. “Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions.” Journal of Business Venturing 15(5-6): 411-452.
[39] Kuratko, Donald F. 2005. “The emergence of entrepreneurship: Development, trends and challenges.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(5): 577-598.
[40] Kyro,Paula. 2008. “A theoretical framework for teaching and learning entrepreneurship”. International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 2(1): 39-55.
[41] Maysami, Ramin Cooper and Valerie P. Goby. 1999. “Female business owners in Singapore and elsewhere: A review of studies. Journal of Small Business Management, 37: 96-105.
[42] McClelland, David C. 1965. “Toward a theory of motive acquisition.” American Psychologist, 20(5): 321-333.
[43] Mescon, Timothy S. 1987. “The entrepreneurial institute: Education and training for minority small business owners. “Journal of small Business Management, 25(7):61-66.
[44] Ozgen, Eren. 2007. “Social sources of information in opportunity recognition: effects of mentors, industry networks and professional forums.” Journal of Business Venturing, 22(2): 174-192.
[45] Robb, Alicia M. 2002. “Entrepreneurial performance by women and minorities: the case of new firms. “Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 7(4): 383-397.
[46] Robles, Barbara J. and Hector Cordero-Guzman .2007. “Latino self employment and entrepreneurship in the United States: An overview of the Literature and data sources. “The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 613(1): 192.
[47] Shim, Soyeon, and Mary Ann Eastlick. 1998. “Characteristics of Hispanic female business owners: An exploratory study.” Journal of Small Business Management, 36(3): 18-34.
[48] Small Business Administration, Office of Advocacy .2009. “The Small Business Economy, A Report to the President.” United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
[49] Smith-Hunter, Andrea E. and Carol Venezio. 2006. “Hispanic women entrepreneurs: Human capital, financial capital, and network structure relationships. “Journal of Business and Economic Research, 4(7): 29-47.
[50] Stewart Jr., Wayne H., Warren E. Watson, JoAnn C. Carland, and James W. Carland.1999. “A proclivity for entrepreneurship: A comparison of entrepreneurs, small business owners, and corporate managers.” Journal of Business Venturing, 14(1): 189-214.
[51] Stewart Jr., Wayne H. and Phillip L. Roth. 2001. “Risk propensity differences between entrepreneurs and managers: A meta-analytical review.” Journal of Applied Psychology. 86(1), 145-153.
[52] Taylor, Paul J., Darlene F. Russ-Eft, and Daniel W.L. Chan. 2005. “A meta-analytic review of behavior modeling training.” Journal of Applied Psychology. 90 (4): 692-709.
[53] Tharenou, Phyllis, Alan M. Saks, Cella Moore. 2007.” A review and critique of research on training and organizational-level outcomes.” Human Resource Management Review, 17(3): 251-273.
[54] Thomas, Anisya S. and Stephen L. Mueller. 2000. “A case for comparative entrepreneurship: Assessing the relevance of culture”. Journal of International Business Studies, 31(2): 287-301.
[55] Triana, Armando R., Harold P. Welsch, and Earl C. Young. 1984. “Information search patterns among Hispanic entrepreneurs.” Journal of Small Business Management, 22:39-48.
[56] 55.U.S. Census Bureau, Survey of Business Owners. 2010,2007. www.csd.sbo@census.gov.
[57] U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration. 2007, 2010. “Women-owned businesses in the 21st century.” Washington, D.C.
[58] Wohlers, Arthur I., and Manuel London. 1989. “Ratings of managerial characteristics: valuation difficulty, co-worker agreement, and self awareness.” Personnel Psychology, 42(2): 235-261.
[59] Young, Marilyn. 2002. ” An examination of information sources and assistance programs available to minority-owned small businesses.” Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 7(4): 429-444.