Entrepreneurial Attributes Among Postgraduate Students of a Pakistani University
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Sep 27, 2017
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Abstract
This research examines the entrepreneurial characteristics among the student of University of Sargodha. The main task was to explore the entrepreneurial characteristics of the graduate students. Two hundred students from different departments returned complete questionnaires.To increase the representation, random sampling was selected. Findings revealed that self-efficacy, efficiency and commitment and entrepreneurial inclinations were the most important factors. The research showed that majority of the students have characteristics to become an entrepreneur and they showed positive response. However demographic factors have a minor impact on entrepreneurial attributes. The entrepreneurial attributes can be increased by offering certain courses which helps in increasing entrepreneurial attributes.
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References
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[19] Ramayah, T. & Haurn, Z. (2005). Entrepreneurial intentions among the students of Universiti Sains Malaysia. International Journal of Management and Entrepreneurship, 1(1), 8-20.
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[24] Segal, G., Borgia, D., and Schoenfeld, J. (2002). “Using Social Cognitive Career Theory to Predict Self-Employment Goals”, New England Journal of Entrepreneurship, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 47-56.
[25] Smith, D. T. (2005). "Developing self-employment among African Americans: The impact of household social resources on African American entrepreneurship." Economic Development Quarterly 19(4): 346-355.
[26] Souitaris, V., S. Zerbinati, et al. (2007). "Does entrepreneurship programmes raise entrepreneurial intention of science and engineering students? The effect of learning, inspiration and resources." Journal of Business Venturing 22: 566-591.
[27] Veciana, J. M., M. Aponte, et al. (2005). "University students' attitudes towards entrepreneurship: A Two countries comparison." International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 1: 165-182.
[28] Wang, C., Wong, P., and Lu, Q. (2002). “Tertiary Education and Entrepreneurial Intentions”, (in P. Phan-(Ed.), Technological Entrepreneurship, (pp. 55-82 Greenwich) CT: Information Age Publishing
[29] Wilson, L., Brown, W., Anderson, M. & Galloway, L. (2003). Entrepreneurial ambitions among male and female entrepreneurship students in Scotland. Proceedings of 48th World Conference of the International Council for Small Business, 1-14.
[30] Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E. & Hills, G. E. (2005). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1265-1272.
[2] Bird, B. 1988. Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: The case for intention. Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 442-453.
[3] Boyd, N. & Vozikis, G. (1994). The influence of self-efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(4), 63-77.
[4] Breen, J. (1998). "Encouraging an enterprising culture in Australia." Retrieved September 3, 2006, from www.sbaer.uca.edu/research/icsb/1998/pdf/130/pdf
[5] Chen, G.C., Greene, P.G., & Crick, A. (1998). Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy distinguish entrepreneurs from managers. Journal of Business Venturing, 13, 295-317.
[6] De Noble, A., Jung, D., & Ehrlich, S. (1999). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy: The development of a measure and its relationship to entrepreneurial action. In R.D. Reynolds, W.D. Bygrave, S. Manigart, C.M. Mason, G.D. Meyer, H.J. Sapienze, & K.G. Shaver (Eds.), Frontiers of entrepreneurship research (pp. 73-78). Waltham, MA: P& R Publication Inc.
[7] Dunn, C. (2004). "Background of nascent entrepreneurs." Retrieved January 23, 2006, from www.sbaer.uca.edu/research/icsb/2004/Papers%20pdf/010.pdf
[8] Gibb, A. (2008). Center for entrepreneurial learning Durham University. Retrieved June 24, 2008, from http://www.dur.ac.uk/cel/.
[9] Kirkwood, J. (2007). "Igniting the entrepreneurial spirit: Is the role parents play gendered?" International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research 13(1): 39-59.
[10] Koh, H. C. (1995). "Factors associated with entrepreneurial inclination: An empirical study of business undergraduates in Hong Kong." Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship 12(2): 29-41.
[11] Koh, H. C. 1996. "Testing hypotheses of entrepreneurial characteristics: A study of Hong Kong MBA students." Journal of Managerial Psychology 11(3): 12-25.
[12] Krueger, N.F., Reilly, M.D., & Carsrud, A.L. 2000. Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15, 411-432.
[13] Lin, Z., G. Picot, et al. 2000. "The entry and exit dynamics of self-employment in Canada." Small Business Economics 15(2): 105-117.
[14] Martinez, D., Mora, J. G. & Vila, L. E. (2007). Entrepreneurs, the self-employed and employees among young European higher education graduates. European Journal of Education, 42(1), 99-117.
[15] Mazzarol, T., T. Volery, et al. (1999). "Factors influencing small business start-ups: A comparison with previous research." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research 5(2): 48-61
[16] McClelland, D.C. and Burnham, D.H. (1976). “Power is the great motivator”, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 54 No. 2, pp. 100-10.
[17] McClelland, D.C. (1986). “Characteristics of successful entrepreneurs”, Keys to the Future of American Business, Proceedings of the 3rd Creativity, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Symposium, US Small Business Administration and the National Center for Research in Vocational Education, Framingham, MA (addendum, pp. 1-14).
[18] Pillis, E. D. & Reardon, K. K. (2007). The influence of personality traits and persuasive messages on entrepreneurial intention: A cross cultural comparison. Career Development International, 12(4), 382-396.
[19] Ramayah, T. & Haurn, Z. (2005). Entrepreneurial intentions among the students of Universiti Sains Malaysia. International Journal of Management and Entrepreneurship, 1(1), 8-20.
[20] Reitan, B. (1997). "Where do we learn that entrepreneurship is feasible, desirable and/or profitable? A look at the process leading to entrepreneurial potential." Retrieved May 30, 2006, from www.usasbe.org/knowledge/proceedings/1997/P009Reitan.pdf
[21] Rodermund, E. S. (2004). Pathways to successful entrepreneurship: Parenting, personality, early developmental competence and interests. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(3), 498-581.
[22] Schroder, E. & Rodermund, E. S. (2006). Crystallizing enterprising interests among adolescents through a career development programme: The role of personality and family background. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69(3), 494-509.
[23] Scott, M.G. and Twomey, D.F. (1988). “The Long-Term Supply of Entrepreneurs: Students’ Career Aspiration in Relation to Entrepreneurship”, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 5-13.
[24] Segal, G., Borgia, D., and Schoenfeld, J. (2002). “Using Social Cognitive Career Theory to Predict Self-Employment Goals”, New England Journal of Entrepreneurship, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 47-56.
[25] Smith, D. T. (2005). "Developing self-employment among African Americans: The impact of household social resources on African American entrepreneurship." Economic Development Quarterly 19(4): 346-355.
[26] Souitaris, V., S. Zerbinati, et al. (2007). "Does entrepreneurship programmes raise entrepreneurial intention of science and engineering students? The effect of learning, inspiration and resources." Journal of Business Venturing 22: 566-591.
[27] Veciana, J. M., M. Aponte, et al. (2005). "University students' attitudes towards entrepreneurship: A Two countries comparison." International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 1: 165-182.
[28] Wang, C., Wong, P., and Lu, Q. (2002). “Tertiary Education and Entrepreneurial Intentions”, (in P. Phan-(Ed.), Technological Entrepreneurship, (pp. 55-82 Greenwich) CT: Information Age Publishing
[29] Wilson, L., Brown, W., Anderson, M. & Galloway, L. (2003). Entrepreneurial ambitions among male and female entrepreneurship students in Scotland. Proceedings of 48th World Conference of the International Council for Small Business, 1-14.
[30] Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E. & Hills, G. E. (2005). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1265-1272.