The Importance of Fieldwork Research to Reveal Women Entrepreneurs Competence in Communication
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Sep 28, 2017
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Abstract
This study reviews the main bases of interpersonal communication competence that determine women entrepreneurs’ success: knowledge, motivation, and communication skills. The rising phenomenon of women becoming entrepreneurs could encourage the processes of socioeconomic development; however, many women face barriers when trying to become successful entrepreneurs. The literature suggests interpersonal communication is especially relevant in the construction of women’s business networks, and that various communication acts showcase women entrepreneurs’ knowledge, in terms of understanding social contexts, and motivation. Despite the literature’s existing breadth, further studies are stll needed to complete this topic because the research subjects do not always easily express their subjective consciousness. Accordingly, fieldwork research, which provides qualitative data, is an alternative way to gather findings.
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References
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[51] Vega, Nina Merchant, and Kate Bollinger. 2012. “APEC 2012: Overcoming Challenges to Women’s Entrepreneurship” News, In Asia : The Asia Foundation Blog, September 5. Retrieved from http://asiafoundation.org/in-asia/2012/09/05/apec-2012-overcoming-challenges-to-womens-entrepreneurship/ (accessed September 5, 2012)
[52] Wang, Lei. 2010. “Direct and Indirect Effects of Individual and Environmental Factors on Motivation for Self-Employment.” Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 15(4): 481–502.
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[55] Werhane, Patricia, Margareth Posig, Lisa Gundry, Laurel Ofstein, and Elizabeth Powell. 2007. Women in Business: The Changing Face of Leadership. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
[56] Yusuf, Attahir. 1995. “Critical Success Factors for Small Business: Perceptions of South Pacific Entrepreneurs.” Journal of Small Business Management, 33(2): 68–73.
[2] Andre, Rae. 1992. “A National Profile of Women's Participation in Networks of Small Business Leaders.” Journal of Small Business Management, 30(1): 66–73.
[3] Bardasi, Elena, Shwetlena Sabarwal, and Katherine Terrell. 2011. “How Do Female Entrepreneurs Perform? Evidence from Three Developing Regions.” Small Business Economic, 37(4): 417–441.
[4] Becerra, Manuel, and Anil K. Gupta. 2003. “Perceived Trustworthiness Within The Organization: The Moderating Impact of Communication Frequency on Trustor and Trustee Effects.” Organization Science, 14(1): 32–44.
[5] Bird, Sharon R., Stephen G. Sapp, and Motoko Y. Lee. 2001. “Small Business Success in Rural Communities: Explaining The Sex Gap.” Rural Sociology, 66(4): 507–531.
[6] Boden, Richard J., JR., and Alfred R. Nucci. 2000. “On The Survival Prospects of Men’s and Women’s New Business Ventures.” Journal of Business Venturing, 15(4): 347–362.
[7] Brunskell, Heather. 1998. “Feminist Methodology.” In Researching Society and Culture, Clive Seale (Ed.), pp. 37–47. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
[8] Buttner, E. Holy. 2001. “Examining Female Entrepreneurs’ Management Style: An Application of a Relational Frame.” Journal of Business Ethics, 29(3): 253–269.
[9] Cliff, Jennifer E. 1998. “Does One Size Fit All? Exploring The Relationship between Attitudes Towards Growth, Gender, and Business Size.” Journal of Business Venturing, 13(6): 523–542.
[10] Coleman, Susan. 2007. “The Role of Human and Financial Capital in The Profitability and Growth of Women-Owned Small Firms.” Journal of Small Business Management, 45(3): 303–319.
[11] Creswell, John W. 1998. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design. California : Sage Publications.
[12] Daft, Richard L. 2005. The Leadership Experience. Mason, Ohio: Thomson South-Western.
[13] Edley, Paige P. 2000. “Discursive Essentializing in a Woman-Owned Business: Gendered Stereotypes and Strategic Subordination.” Management Communication Quarterly, 14(2): 271–306.
[14] Ekpe, Isidore, Norsiah Binti Mat, and Razli Che Razak. 2010. “The Effect of Microfinance Factors on Women Entrepreneurs’ Performance in Nigeria: A Conceptual Framework.” International Journal of Business and Social Science, 1(2): 255–263.
[15] ____, Isidore, Norsiah Mat, and Razli Che Razak. 2011. “Attributes, Environment Factors and Women Entrepreneurial Activity: A Literature Review.” Asian Social Science, 7(9): 124–130.
[16] Fairlie, Robert W., and Alicia M. Robb. 2009. “Gender Differences in Business Performance: Evidence from The Characteristics of Business Owners Survey.” Small Business Economics, 33(4): 375–395.
[17] Fielden, Sandra L., and Adel Dawe. 2004. “Entrepreneurship and Social Inclusion.” Women In Management Review, 19(3): 139–142.
[18] Fine, Marlene G., and Simmons College. 2009. “Women Leaders' Discursive Constructions of Leadership.” Women's Studies in Communication, 32(2): 180–202.
[19] Flauto, Frank J. 1999. “Walking The Talk: The Relationship between Leadership and Communication Competence.” The Journal of Leadership Studies, 6(1): 86–97.
[20] Fortier, Anne-Marie. 1998. “Gender, Ethinicity and Fieldwork: A Case Study.” In Researching Society and Culture, Clive Seale (Ed.), pp. 48–57. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
[21] Gill, Rebecca and Shiv Ganesh. 2007. “Empowerment, Constraint, and The Entrepreneurial Self: A Study of White Women Entrepreneurs.” Journal of Applied Communication Research, 35(3): 268–293.
[22] Hargie, Owen. 2006. The Handbook of Communication Skills. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Routledge.
[23] Harper, Nancy L., and Randy Y Hirokawa. 1998. “A Comparison of Persuasive Strategies Used by Female and Male Managers: An Examination of Downward Influence.” Communication Quarterly, 36(2): 157–168.
[24] Hosamane, Manjappa D., and Younos Vakil Alroaia. 2009. “Entrepreneurship and Development of Small-Scale Industries in Iran: Strategic Management Tools and Business Performance Assessment.” The ICFAI University Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 6(1): 27–40.
[25] Hunt, Orlagh, Dennis Tourish, and Owen D. W. Hargie. 2000. “The Communication Experiences of Education Managers: Identifying Strengths, Weaknesses and Critical Incidents.” International Journal of Educational Management, 14( 3): 120–129.
[26] Hunter, Andrea E. Smith, and Robert L. Boyd. 2004. “Applying Theories of Entrepreneurship to a Comparative Analysis of White and Minority Women Business Owners.” Women in Management Review, 19(1): 18–28.
[27] Joshi, H. G. 2009. “Enterprise Domain and Venture Capital Experiences of Women Entrepreneurs: A Study of Sikkimese Women Entrepreneurs.” The ICFAI University Journal of Entrepreneurship Development, 4(2): 39–48.
[28] Kalbfleisch, Pamela J., and Joann Keyton. 1995. “Power and Equality in Mentoring Relationships.” In Gender, Power, and Communication in Human Relationships¸ Pamela J. Kalbfleisch & Michael J. Cody (Ed.), pp. 189–210. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
[29] Kalyani, W., and K. Chandralekha. 2002. “Association between Socio-economic Demographic Profile and Involvement of Women Entrepreneurs in Their Enterprise Management.” Journal of Entrepreneurship, 11(2): 219–248.
[30] Kelley, Donna J., Slavica Singer, and Mike Herrington. 2012. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 2011 Global Report. Retrieved from http://www.gemconsortium.org/docs/2409/gem-2011-global-report (accessed October 17, 2012)
[31] Leitch, Claire M., and Frances M. Hill. 2006. “Guest Editorial: Women and The Financing of Entrepreneurial Ventures: More Pieces for The Jigsaw.” Venture Capital, 8(2): 89–92.
[32] Lerner, Miri, Candida Brush, and Robert Hisrich. 1997. “Israeli Women Entrepreneurs: An Examination of Factors Affecting Performance.” Journal of Business Venturing, 12(4): 315–339.
[33] Lingle, Christopher. 2000. “The Institutional Basis of Asia’s Economic Crisis.” In The East Asia Development Model: Economic Growth, Institutional Failure and The Aftermath of The Crisis, Frank-Jurgen Richter (Ed.), pp. 53–70. London, UK: MacMillan Press.
[34] Littlejohn, Stephen W. 2002. Theories of Human Communication. 7th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
[35] MacGeorge, Erina L., Seth. J. Gillihan, Wendy Samter, and Ruth Anne Clark. 2003. “Skill Deficit or Differential Motivation?” Journal Communication Research, 30(3): 272–303.
[36] Mangunsong, Frieda. 2009. “Faktor Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, dan Kultural Pendukung Efektivitas Kepemimpinan Perempuan Pengusaha dari Empat Kelompok Etnis di Indonesia,” Makara, Sosial Humaniora, 13(1): 19–28. Retrived from http://journal.ui.ac.id/index.php/humanities/article/viewFile/200/196 (accessed December 26, 2012)
[37] Matthews, Charles H., and Steven B. Moser. 1996. “A Longitudinal Investigation of The Impact of Family Background and Gender on Interest in Small Firm Ownership.” Journal of Small Business Management, 34(2): 29–43.
[38] Mirchandani, Kiran. 1999. “Feminist Insight on Gendered Work: New Direction in Research on Women and Entrepreneurship.” Gender, Work and Organization, 6(4): 224–235.
[39] Moult, Susan, and Alistair Anderson. 2005. “Enterprising Women: Gender and Maturity in New Venture Creating and Development.” Journal of Enterprising Culture, 13(3): 255–271.
[40] Mwobobia, Fridah Muriungi. 2012. “The Challenges Facing Small-Scale Women Entrepreneurs: A Case of Kenya.” International Journal of Business Administration, 3(2): 112–121.
[41] Orhan, Muriel, and Don Scott. 2001. “Why Women Enter into Entrepreneurship: An Explanatory Model.” Women In Management Review, 16(5): 232–247.
[42] Pearson, Judy C., and Leda Cooks. 1995. “Gender and Power.” In Gender, Power, and Communication in Human Relationships, Pamela J. Kalbfleisch and Michael J. Cody (Ed.), pp. 331–350. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
[43] Perren, Lew, and Monder Ram. 2004. “Case-Study Method in Small Business and Entrepreneurial Research: Mapping Boundaries and Perspectives.” International Small Business Journal, 22(1): 83–101.
[44] Reaves, Beth B. (2008). “Entrepreneurial Success: A Phenomenological Study of The Characteristic of Successful Female Entrepreneurs.” PhD diss. University of Phoenix, US. Retrieved from ProQuest. (UMI 3338362). (accessed November 27, 2012)
[45] Renzulli, Linda A., Howard Aldrich, and James Moody. 2000. “Family Matters: Gender, Networks, and Entrepreneurial Outcomes”. Social Forces, 79(2): 523–546.
[46] Sandwith, Paul. 1994. “Building Quality Into Communications”. Training and Development, 48(1): 55–59.
[47] Silverman, David. 2000. Do Qualitative Research: A Practical Handbook. London: Sage Publications.
[48] Sudarmanti, Rini. 2008. “Komunikasi Kepemimpinan Perempuan Pengusaha Dalam Memberdayakan Perempuan Pekerja.” PhD diss. Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, ID.
[49] Teoh, Wendy Ming-Yen, and Chong Siong-Choy. (2008). “Improving Women Entrepreneurs in Small and Medium Enterprises in Malaysia: Policy Recommendations.” Communications of the IBIMA, 2(5): 31–38.
[50] Sinha, Shalini. 2005. “Developing Women Entrepreneurs in South Asia: Issues, Initiatives and Experiences.” In United Nations Economic and Social Commision for Asia and The Pacific (UNESCAP). Retrieved from http://www.unescap.org/tid/publication/indpub2401.pdf (accessed December 31, 2012)
[51] Vega, Nina Merchant, and Kate Bollinger. 2012. “APEC 2012: Overcoming Challenges to Women’s Entrepreneurship” News, In Asia : The Asia Foundation Blog, September 5. Retrieved from http://asiafoundation.org/in-asia/2012/09/05/apec-2012-overcoming-challenges-to-womens-entrepreneurship/ (accessed September 5, 2012)
[52] Wang, Lei. 2010. “Direct and Indirect Effects of Individual and Environmental Factors on Motivation for Self-Employment.” Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 15(4): 481–502.
[53] Walsh, David. 1998. “Doing Ethnography.” In Researching Society and Culture, Clive Seale (Ed.), pp. 217-232. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
[54] Watson, John, and Sherry Robinson. 2003. “Adjusting for Risk in Comparing The Performances of Male- and Female-Controlled SMEs.” Journal of Business Venturing, 18(6): 773–788.
[55] Werhane, Patricia, Margareth Posig, Lisa Gundry, Laurel Ofstein, and Elizabeth Powell. 2007. Women in Business: The Changing Face of Leadership. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
[56] Yusuf, Attahir. 1995. “Critical Success Factors for Small Business: Perceptions of South Pacific Entrepreneurs.” Journal of Small Business Management, 33(2): 68–73.