Identifying the Sources of Work-family Conflict among Women Entrepreneurs in Iran: A Comparison between Opportunity- and Necessity-driven Women Entrepreneurs
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Apr 13, 2023
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to identify the sources of work-family conflict among Iranian women entrepreneurs and bridge the academic gap in this area. In this regard, the paper tries to employ opportunity- and necessity-driven entrepreneurship theory. The qualitative approach was used through conducting 15 in-depth interviews with Iranian women entrepreneurs in the Semnan province. According to the results, Sources of work-family conflict for Iranian women entrepreneurs were categorized into: social, cultural, family, and personal categories. These sources are different with opportunity- and necessity-driven Iranian women entrepreneurs.
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References
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27. Kim, Jean Lee Siew, and Choo Seow Ling. 2001. "Work‐family conflict of women entrepreneurs in Singapore." Women in Management review,16 (5):204 – 221.
28. Mahpul, Irwan Nadzif, and Nor Azaian Abdullah. 2011. "The prevalence of work-family conflict among mothers in peninsular Malaysia." International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(17): 154-161.
29. Modarresi, Meisam, Zahra Arasti, Kambiz Talebi, and Maghsoud Farasatkhah. 2016. "Women’s entrepreneurship in Iran: How are women owning and managing home-based businesses motivated to grow?." International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 8 (4):446-470..
30. Modarresi, Meisam, Zahra Arasti, Kambiz Talebi, and Maghsoud Farasatkhah. 2017. "Growth barriers of women-owned home-based businesses in Iran: an exploratory study." Gender in Management: An International Journal,32 (4):244-267.
31. Nasiri, Niloofar, and Nicolas Hamelin. 2018."Entrepreneurship driven by opportunity and necessity: effects of educations, gender and occupation in MENA." Asian Journal of Business Research, 8(2): 57-71.
32. Neneh, Ngek Brownhilder. 2018. "Family-work conflict and performance of women-owned enterprises: The role of social capital in developing countries--implications for South Africa and beyond." Journal of International Women's Studies, 19(6): 326-343.
33. Neneh, Brownhilder Ngek. 2017. "Family support and performance of women-owned enterprises: the mediating effect of family-to-work enrichment." The Journal of entrepreneurship, 26(2): 196-219.
34. Padma, S., and M. Sudhir Reddy. 2013. "Role of family support in balancing personal and work life of women employees." International Journal of Computational Engineering & Management, 16(3): 93-97.
35. Rao, Sally, and Chad Perry. 2003. "Convergent interviewing to build a theory in under‐researched areas: principles and an example investigation of Internet usage in inter‐firm relationships." Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 6 (4):236-247.
36. Parasuraman, Saroj, and Claire A. Simmers. 2001. "Type of employment, work–family conflict and well‐being: a comparative study." Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 22(5): 551-568.
37. Reynolds, Paul D., S. Michael Camp, William D. Bygrave, Erkko Autio, and Michael Hay. "Global entrepreneurship monitor gem 2001 summary report." London Business School and Babson College, 61-77.
38. Robichaud, Yves, Rolland LeBrasseur, and Karathotuvu V. Nagarajan. 2010. "Necessity and Opportunity-Driven Entrepreneurs in Canada: An Investigation into their Characteristics and an Appraisal of the Role of Gender." Journal of Applied Business & Economics, 11(1):59–79.
39. Roomi, Muhammad Azam, Pegram Harrison, and John Beaumont‐Kerridge. 2009. "Women‐owned small and medium enterprises in England: Analysis of factors influencing the growth process." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 16 (2):270- 288.
40. Salamzadeh, Aidin, and Veland Ramadani. 2021."Entrepreneurial ecosystem and female digital entrepreneurship–Lessons to learn from an Iranian case study." In The Emerald handbook of women and entrepreneurship in developing economies, pp. 317-334. Emerald Publishing Limited
41. Terjesen, Siri, and José Ernesto Amorós. 2010. "Female entrepreneurship in Latin America and the Caribbean: Characteristics, drivers and relationship to economic development." The European Journal of Development Research, 22(3): 313-330.
42. Welsh, Dianne HB, Esra Memili, and Eugene Kaciak. 2016. "An empirical analysis of the impact of family moral support on Turkish women entrepreneurs." Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 1(1): 3-12.
43. Wenzel, N and Beck-Peter, T. 2020. "Educating Girls, Educated Women, Dehomogenizing the Impact of Education in Development" Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education, 1-2: 103-124.
2. Garg, Sonu, and Parul Agarwal. 2017. "Problems and prospects of woman entrepreneurship–a review of literature." IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 19 (1): 55-60.
3. Ahmad, Aminah. 1996. "Work-family conflict among married professional women in Malaysia." The Journal of Social Psychology, 136 (5): 663-665.
4. Alam, M. Sayeed, Abdus Sattar, and SI Nusrat A. Chaudhury. 2011. "Work family conflict of women managers in Dhaka." Asian Social Science, 7 (7): 108-114.
5. Arasti, Zahra. 2006. "Iranian women entrepreneurs: the effective socio-cultural structures of business start-up." Pajohesh Zanan, 4(1-2): 93-119.
6. Sheikh, Muhammad Atif, et al. 2018. "Impact of work and home demands on work life balance: Mediating role of work family conflicts." Pyrex Journal of Business and Finance Management Research, 4(5): 48-57.
7. Aycan, Zeynep, and Mehmet Eskin. 2005. "Relative contributions of childcare, spousal support, and organizational support in reducing work–family conflict for men and women: The case of Turkey." Sex roles, 53 (7): 453-471.
8. Barakat, Hana, Steve Hill, and Elie Akhrass. 2018. "Women and entrepreneurship in the contemporary middle east." KnE Social Sciences, Aug 2: 20-29.
9. Block, Joern H., and Marcus Wagner. 2010. "Necessity and opportunity entrepreneurs in Germany: characteristics and earning s differentials." Schmalenbach Business Review, 62(2): 154-174.
10. Bosma, Niels, and Donna Kelley. 2019. "Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 2018/2019 Global Report. [Online] Gráfica Andes, Chile (GERA).
11. Bob, Marina, Inés Martínez-Corts, and Lourdes Munduate. 2016. "Types of combined family-to-work conflict and enrichment and subjective health in Spain: A gender perspective." Sex Roles, 74(3-4): 136-153.
12. Bouzari, P., Salamzadeh, A., Soleimani, M, and Ebrahimi, P. 2021. "Online Social Networks and Women’s Entrepreneurship: A Comparative Study between Iran and Hungary", Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education, 3-4: 61-75.
13. Cohen, Louis, Lawrence Manion, and Keith Morrison.1986. Research methods in education. London: room Helm.
14. Demerouti, Evangelia, Toon W. Taris, and Arnold B. Bakker. 2007. "Need for recovery, home–work interference and performance: Is lack of concentration the link?." Journal of Vocational Behavior 71(2): 204-220.
15. Deuling, Jacqueline K., and Lawrence Burns. 2007. "Perfectionism and work-family conflict: Self-esteem and self-efficacy as mediator." Personality and Individual Differences, 116: 326-330.
16. Dhar, S., Farzana, T and Ibne Abedin, S.S. 2022. "Pushed or Pulled into Entrepreneurship? Motivations behind Entrepreneurial Entry for Women with Disabilities in Bangladesh." Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education, 3-4: 103-125.
17. Erkmen, Turhan, and E. S. E. N. Emel. 2014. "Work-family, family work conflict and turnover intentions among the representatives of insurance agencies." Journal of Business Economics and Finance, 3 (3): 302-312.
18. GEM. (2015), “Iran GEM report for results of 2015 program”, Iran GEM Office. Available at http://ent.ut.ac.ir/fa/gem/news/19716/Global-Report-2015, (accessed10March2019).
19. Hagqvist, Emma, Katja Gillander Gådin, and Mikael Nordenmark. 2017. "Work–family conflict and well-being across Europe: The role of gender context." Social Indicators Research, 132(2): 785-797.
20. Higgins, Christopher, Linda Duxbury, and Catherine Lee. 1992. “Balancing work and family: A study of Canadian private sector employees”, London, Ontario: National Centre for Management, Research and Development, University of Western Ontario.
21. Hughes, Karen D., Jennifer E. Jennings, Candida Brush, Sara Carter, and Friederike Welter. 2012. "Extending women's entrepreneurship research in new directions." Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 36(3): 429-442.
22. Iran's Statistical Yearbook. 2016. “statistics center of Iran”, Available at https://www.amar.org.ir/. (accessed 20 January 2019).
23. Jamali, Dima. 2009. "Constraints and opportunities facing women entrepreneurs in developing countries: A relational perspective." Gender in management: an international journal,24 (4):232-251.
24. Javadian, Golshan, and Robert P. Singh. 2012. "Examining successful Iranian women entrepreneurs: an exploratory study." Gender in management: An international journal, 27(3): 148-164.
25. Kailasapathy, Pavithra, and Isabel Metz. 2011. "Work-family conflict in Sri Lanka: Negotiations of exchange relationships in family and at work." Academy of Management Annual Conference, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
26. Kelley, Donna, Candida Brush, Patricia Greene, Mike Herrington, Abdul Ali, and Penny Kew. 2015. "Special report: Women’s entrepreneurship." MA: Babson College.
27. Kim, Jean Lee Siew, and Choo Seow Ling. 2001. "Work‐family conflict of women entrepreneurs in Singapore." Women in Management review,16 (5):204 – 221.
28. Mahpul, Irwan Nadzif, and Nor Azaian Abdullah. 2011. "The prevalence of work-family conflict among mothers in peninsular Malaysia." International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(17): 154-161.
29. Modarresi, Meisam, Zahra Arasti, Kambiz Talebi, and Maghsoud Farasatkhah. 2016. "Women’s entrepreneurship in Iran: How are women owning and managing home-based businesses motivated to grow?." International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 8 (4):446-470..
30. Modarresi, Meisam, Zahra Arasti, Kambiz Talebi, and Maghsoud Farasatkhah. 2017. "Growth barriers of women-owned home-based businesses in Iran: an exploratory study." Gender in Management: An International Journal,32 (4):244-267.
31. Nasiri, Niloofar, and Nicolas Hamelin. 2018."Entrepreneurship driven by opportunity and necessity: effects of educations, gender and occupation in MENA." Asian Journal of Business Research, 8(2): 57-71.
32. Neneh, Ngek Brownhilder. 2018. "Family-work conflict and performance of women-owned enterprises: The role of social capital in developing countries--implications for South Africa and beyond." Journal of International Women's Studies, 19(6): 326-343.
33. Neneh, Brownhilder Ngek. 2017. "Family support and performance of women-owned enterprises: the mediating effect of family-to-work enrichment." The Journal of entrepreneurship, 26(2): 196-219.
34. Padma, S., and M. Sudhir Reddy. 2013. "Role of family support in balancing personal and work life of women employees." International Journal of Computational Engineering & Management, 16(3): 93-97.
35. Rao, Sally, and Chad Perry. 2003. "Convergent interviewing to build a theory in under‐researched areas: principles and an example investigation of Internet usage in inter‐firm relationships." Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 6 (4):236-247.
36. Parasuraman, Saroj, and Claire A. Simmers. 2001. "Type of employment, work–family conflict and well‐being: a comparative study." Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 22(5): 551-568.
37. Reynolds, Paul D., S. Michael Camp, William D. Bygrave, Erkko Autio, and Michael Hay. "Global entrepreneurship monitor gem 2001 summary report." London Business School and Babson College, 61-77.
38. Robichaud, Yves, Rolland LeBrasseur, and Karathotuvu V. Nagarajan. 2010. "Necessity and Opportunity-Driven Entrepreneurs in Canada: An Investigation into their Characteristics and an Appraisal of the Role of Gender." Journal of Applied Business & Economics, 11(1):59–79.
39. Roomi, Muhammad Azam, Pegram Harrison, and John Beaumont‐Kerridge. 2009. "Women‐owned small and medium enterprises in England: Analysis of factors influencing the growth process." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 16 (2):270- 288.
40. Salamzadeh, Aidin, and Veland Ramadani. 2021."Entrepreneurial ecosystem and female digital entrepreneurship–Lessons to learn from an Iranian case study." In The Emerald handbook of women and entrepreneurship in developing economies, pp. 317-334. Emerald Publishing Limited
41. Terjesen, Siri, and José Ernesto Amorós. 2010. "Female entrepreneurship in Latin America and the Caribbean: Characteristics, drivers and relationship to economic development." The European Journal of Development Research, 22(3): 313-330.
42. Welsh, Dianne HB, Esra Memili, and Eugene Kaciak. 2016. "An empirical analysis of the impact of family moral support on Turkish women entrepreneurs." Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 1(1): 3-12.
43. Wenzel, N and Beck-Peter, T. 2020. "Educating Girls, Educated Women, Dehomogenizing the Impact of Education in Development" Journal of Women's Entrepreneurship and Education, 1-2: 103-124.