The Influence of Social Network Dynamism on Business Start-up Activity: A Longitudinal Examination of Female Nascent Entrepreneurs
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Sep 29, 2017
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Abstract
Social Networking Theory suggests that social networks are dynamic over time. This study examines this dynamism in the context of nascent entrepreneurship. Hypotheses tested in previous literature are re-tested to build a foundation for newly hypothesized relationships between changes in social network composition and their effects on business outcomes. The replicated hypotheses from past literature regarding gender influences on social network orientation are confirmed and results show that entrepreneurs who experience changes in social network orientation over time were more likely to have successful business outcomes and were less likely to abandon entrepreneurial efforts. Implications for future research are also discussed
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References
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[29] Scott, J. (1998). „Social Network Analysis.“ Sociology, 22 (1): 109-127.
[30] Shane, S. and Venkataraman, S. (2000). „The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research#. Academy of Management Review, 25: 217-226.
[31] Skinner, S. (2001). „Female entrepreneurs in the retail trade: a study of personal and professional traits as they impact on business environments.“ Journal of Small Business Management: 183-195.
[32] Stoloff, J.A., Glanville, J.L. and Bienenstock, E.J. (1999). „Women’s participation in the labor force: The role of social networks.“ Social Networks, 21, 91-108.
[33] U.S. Census Bureau. 2000. Statistical abstract of the United States. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
[34] Verheul, I., Van Stel, A., Thurik, R. (2006). „Explaining female and male entrepreneurship at the country level. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, March: 151-183.
[35] Wellman, B. (1992). Men in networks: Private community’s domestic friend-ships. In Men’s friendships, ed. Peter Nardi. Newbury Park, MA: Sage Publica-tions.
[36] Yin, L.C (2003). „Do traditional values still exist in Chinese societies?“ Asia Europe Journal, 10: 43-59.
[2] Aldrich, H., Elam, A.B., Reese, P.R. (1995). Strong Ties, Weak Ties, and Strangers: Do Women Business Owners Differ from Men in Their Use of Net-working to Obtain Assistance? In Entrepreneurship in a Global Context, ed. Birley and MacMillan, 1-25, Routledge: MacMillan.
[3] Aldrich, H., Zimmer, C. (1986). „Entrepreneurship through social networks. In The art of science of entrepreneurship, ed. D. Sexton and R. Smilor, 1-23. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
[4] Bebbington, A.C. (1970). „The effect of non-response in the sample survey with an example.“ Human Relations, 23:169-180.
[5] Bruni, A., Gherardi, S., & Poggio, B. (2004). „Entrepreneur-mentality, gender and the study of women entrepreneurs.“ Journal of International Change Man-agement, 17(3), 256-268.
[6] Burt, R. S. (1992). Structural holes: the social structure of competition. Cam-bridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
[7] Caniels, M.C. and Romijn, H.A. (2008). „Actor networks in strategic niche management: insights from social network theory.“ Futures, 40: 613-629.
[8] DeCarolis, D. M., Saparito, P. (2006). „Social capital, cognition, and entrepre-neurial opportunities: a theoretical framework.“ Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(1):41-56.
[9] Doreian, P., Stokman, F. (1997). „The dynamics and evolution of social net-works.“ In Social Network Evolution. In Birley and MacMillan (Eds), Evolution of Social Networks, Routledge: MacMillan: pp.17-18.
[10] Dunbar, R.I., Spoors, M. (1995). „Social networks, support cliques, and kin-ship.“ Human Nature, 6(3): 273-290.
[11] Gargiulo, M., and Benassi, M. (2000). „Trapped in your own net? Network co-hesion, structural holes, and the adaptation of social capital.“ Organization Sci-ence, 11(2): 183-196.
[12] Gartner, W.B., Shaver, K.G., and Carter, N.M. (2004). Handbook of entrepre-neurial dynamics: The process of business creation. California: Sage Publica-tions.
[13] Granovetter, M. (1985). „Economic action and social structure: A theory of embeddedness.“ American Journal of Sociology, 91(3): 481-510.
[14] Greve, A., Salaff, J.W. (2003). „Social Networks and Entrepreneurship.“ Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Fall: 1-22.
[15] Hansen, E.L. (2001). „Resource Acquisition as a startup process: Initial stocks of social capital and organizational foundings.“ Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research. Wellesley.
[16] Houston, M.B. (2004). „Assessing the validity of secondary data proxies for marketing constructs.“ Journal of Business Research, 57: 154-161.
[17] Kilduff, M., and Tsai, W. (2003). Social Networks and Organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
[18] Kossinets, G., and Watts, D.J. (2006). „Empirical analysis of an evolving social network.“ Science, 311(5757): 88-90.
[19] Lin, N., Cook, K.S., Burt, R.S. (2001). Social capital: theory and research. Structural holes versus network closure as social capital. Piscataway, NJ: Al-dine Transaction, 31-34.
[20] Levin, D.Z., Cross, R. (2004). „The strength of weak ties you can trust: the me-diating role of trust in effective knowledge transfer.“ Management Science, 50(11): 1477-1490.
[21] Lunkenheimer,E.S., Kittler, J.E., Olsen, S.L. and Kleinberg, F. (2006). „The intergenerational transmission of physical punishment: differing mechanisms in mothers’ and fathers’ endorsement.“ Journal of Family Violence, 10:509-519.
[22] Menzies, T.V., Diochon, M., and Gasse, Y. (2004). „Examining venture-related myths concerning women entrepreneurs.“ Journal of Development Entrepre-neurship, 9(2): 89-107.
[23] Moore, G. (1990). „Structural determinants of men’s and women’s social net-works.“ American Sociological Review, 55(5): 726-735.
[24] Oman, K.S., Krugman, M.E., and Fink, R.M. (2003). Nursing research secrets: successful research and publication. Elsevier Health Sciences, 280.
[25] Renzulli, L., Alrdrich, H.E.,and Moody, J. 2000. Family matters: Gender, net-works, and entrepreneurial outcomes. Social Forces,79(2): 523-546.
[26] Reynolds, P., and Miller, P. (1992). „New firm gestation: conception, birth, and implications for research.“ Journal of Business Venturing, 7: 405-417.
[27] Salaff, J.W., Greve, A. (2004). „Can women’s social networks migrate?“ Women’s Studies International Forum, 27: 149-162.
[28] Sequeira, J., Mueller, S. and McGee, J. (2007). „The influence of social ties and self efficacy in forming entrepreneurial intentions and motivating nascent behavior.“ Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 12:275-293.
[29] Scott, J. (1998). „Social Network Analysis.“ Sociology, 22 (1): 109-127.
[30] Shane, S. and Venkataraman, S. (2000). „The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research#. Academy of Management Review, 25: 217-226.
[31] Skinner, S. (2001). „Female entrepreneurs in the retail trade: a study of personal and professional traits as they impact on business environments.“ Journal of Small Business Management: 183-195.
[32] Stoloff, J.A., Glanville, J.L. and Bienenstock, E.J. (1999). „Women’s participation in the labor force: The role of social networks.“ Social Networks, 21, 91-108.
[33] U.S. Census Bureau. 2000. Statistical abstract of the United States. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
[34] Verheul, I., Van Stel, A., Thurik, R. (2006). „Explaining female and male entrepreneurship at the country level. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, March: 151-183.
[35] Wellman, B. (1992). Men in networks: Private community’s domestic friend-ships. In Men’s friendships, ed. Peter Nardi. Newbury Park, MA: Sage Publica-tions.
[36] Yin, L.C (2003). „Do traditional values still exist in Chinese societies?“ Asia Europe Journal, 10: 43-59.