Emotional Intelligence of the Eemployees in Serbia – Gender Differences
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Published
Sep 29, 2017
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Abstract
TThe main goal of this paper is to examine the correlation between emotional intelligence and gender of the participants.
The survey covered 240 participants. According to the gender structure, the sample could be considered equable enough, 45% of the participants are males, and 55% females. About 50% of the sample are workers, while the other half is constituted by managers and owners.
The instruments used are: Emotional Competence Questionnaire, Personality Questionnaire, Questionnaire for measuring the family attachment, Humour Styles Questionnaire, Satisfaction with Life Scale.
Only a part of the results relating to gender differences on the three scales that measure emotional intelligence will be represented in this paper: the ability to perceive and understand emotions, the ability to express and label emotion, the ability to regulate emotions.
The results indicate that employed women, comparing to their male colleagues, achieve better results on the three dimensions of emotional intelligence: the ability to perceive and understand emotions, the ability to express and label emotions, the ability to regulate emotions. In the key aspects of emotional intelligence such as self-awareness, awareness of the consequences of actions and empathy, women have better results than their male colleagues as it is evident in this research.
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References
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[30] Martin, R. A., Puhlik-Doris, P., Larsen, G., Gray, J., & Weir, K. 2003. “Individual differences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being: Development of the Humor Styles Questionnaire”. Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 48-75.
[31] Nikic, G., Mitrovic, М., Travica, V. 2014. “The quality of business communications depending on the attachment style, social emotional competences and personality traits”. Industrija, 42(4) Ekonomics Institute, Belgrade, Serbia
[32] Nikic, G., Travica,V., Mitrovic, М. 2014. “Differences between employees and managers regarding socio-emotional competences”. Serbian Journal of Management, 9(2), Bor, Serbia
[33] O’Boyle, E. H., Humphrey, R. H., Pollack, J. M., Hawver, T. H., & Story, P. A. 2010. The relation between emotional intelligence and job performance: a meta-analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior. DOI: 10.1002/job.714.
[34] Palmer, B. R., Gignac, G., Monocha, R., & Stough, C. 2005. A psychometric evaluation of the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test version 2.0. Intelligence, 33, 285-305.
[35] Rueckert, L., & Naybar, N. 2008. „Gender differences in empathy: The role of the right hemisphere”. Brain and Cognition, 67, 162-167.
[36] Salovey, P., & Mayer, J.D. 1990. Emotional Intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9.
[37] Simić, I., Stoiljković, S., Todorović, J. 2013. „Doživljaj porodičnih odnosa, empatija i novčani prihodi porodice”. ТЕМЕ, XXXVII, 2, april-jun 2013, 719-734. ISSN 0353-7919.
[38] Shahzad, S., & Nasreen, B. 2012. Gender Differences in Trait Emotional Intelligence: A Comparative Study. Salman Shahzad; Nasreen Bagum // IBA Business Review; Jul-Dec 2012, 7(2): 106.
[39] Sternberg, R. 1985. Beyond I. Q., New York: Cambridge University Press
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[41] Takšić, V., & Moharić, T., Munjas, R. 2006. Emocionalna inteligencija: teorija, operacionalizacija, primjena i povezanost s pozitivnom psihologijom. Rijeka: Filozofski fakultet.
[42] Vukosavljević-Gvozden, T., i Hanak, N. 2007. “Kapacitet za empatiju različitih organizacija afektivnog vezivanja odraslih.” U Afektivno vezivanje: teorija, istraživanja, psihoterapija, ur. N. Hanak i A. Dimitrijević, 183–206. Beograd: Fakultet za specijalnu edukaciju i rehabilitaciju.
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[44] Zuckerman, M. 2002. Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ): An alternative five factorial model. In Big Five Assessment, ed. B. DeRaad, and M. Perusini, 377-396. Seattle: Hogrefe and Huber Publishers.
[2] Baron, R. & J. A. Parker. 2000. The Handbook of Emotional Intelligence. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
[3] Bar-On, R. 2006. The bar-on model of emotional-social intelligence (ESI). Psicothema, 18, supl., 13-25.
[4] Berson, Y, Yammarino, O. 2006. „Attachment style and individual differences in leadership perceptions and emergence”. Journal of Social Psychology, 146(2): 165-82.
[5] Bennis W. 2002. Geeks and Geezers: How Era, Values, and Defining Moments Shape Leaders. New York; Harvard Business School Press
[6] Brackett, M. A., Rivers, S. E., & Salovey, P. 2011. “Emotional intelligence: implications for personal, social, academic, and workplace success”. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5, 88-103.
[7] Brenner, E. M., & Salovey, P. 1997. “Emotional regulation during childhood: Developmental, interpersonal, and individual considerations.” In Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educational implications, ed. P. Salovey & D. J. Sluyter, 168-195. New York: Harper Collins.
[8] Brody, L. R., & Hall, J. A. 1993. “Gender and emotion.” In Handbook of emotions, ed. M. Lewis, & J. M. Haviland, 447-460. New York: Guilford.
[9] Brody, L. R., & Hall, J. A. 2000. “Gender, emotion, and expression.” In Handbook of emotions, ed. M. Lewis, & J. M. Haviland, 338-349. New York: Guilford.
[10] Candela, C., Barbera, E., Ramos, A., & Sarrio, M. 2001. Inteligencia emocional y la variable genero. [Emotional intelligence and the outcome gender]. Revista Electronica de Motivacion y Emocion, 4.
[11] Capatides, J. B., & Bloom, L. 1993. “Underlying process in the socialization of emotion.” In Advances in infancy research, 9, ed. C. Rovee-Collier & L. P. Lipsitt, 99-135. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing.
[12] Ciarrochi, J. V., Chan, A. Y. C., & Caputi, P. 2000. “A critical evaluation of the emotional intelligence construct”. Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 539-561.
[13] Ciarrochi, J. V., Hynes, K., & Crittenden, N. 2005. “Can men do better if they try harder? Gender and motivational effects on emotional awareness”. Cognition and Emotion, 19, 133-141.
[14] Chakrabarti, B., Bullmore, E., & Baron-Cohen, S. 2006. “Empathizing with basic emotions: Common and discrete neural substrates”. Social Neuroscience, 1(3–4): 364–384.
[15] Day, A. L., & Carroll, S. A. 2004. “Using an ability-based measure of emotional intelligence to predict individual performance, group performance, and group citizenship behaviours”. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 1443-1458.
[16] Diener, E. Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R.J., & Griffin, S. 1985. “The Satisfaction with Life Scale”. Journal of Personaliyu Assessment, 49, 71-75
[17] Dimitrijević, A. & Jolić-Marjanović, Z. 2010. Test emocionalne inteligencije Majera, Saloveja I Karuza: provera metrijskih karakteristika srpske verzije MSCEIT-a, Psihologija 43(4): 411-426 by Serbian Psychological Association
[18] Dimitrijević, A. Hanak, N. Milojević, S. 2011. “Psihološke karakteristike budućih pomagača. empatičnost i vezanost studenata psihologije”. Psihologija, 44(2): 97-115 by Serbian Psychological Association.
[19] Gardner, H. 1983. Frames of Mind. London:Fontana (Traduccion castellavo, Estructura de la mente) Barselona Paidos, 1995)
[20] Goleman, D. Bojacis, R. Maki, E. 2006. Emocionalna inteligencija u liderstvu. Adidžes, Novi Sad.
[21] Hall, J. A., & Mast, M. S. 2008. “Are women always more interpersonally sensitive than men? Impact of goals and content domain”. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 144-155.
[22] Hargie, O., Saunders, C., & Dickson, O. 1995. Social skills in interpersonal communication. London: Routledge.
[23] Harton, H. C., & Lyons, P. C. 2003. “Gender, Empathy, and the Choice of the Psychology Major”. Teaching of Psychology, 30(1), 19–24.
[24] Hervás, G. 2011. Psicopatología de la regulación emocional: el papel de los déficit emocionales en los trastornos clínicos [Psychopathology of emotional regulation: the role of emotional deficits in clinical disorders]. Behavioral Psychology/Psicología Conductual, 19, 347-372.
[25] Kamenov, Z., & Jelić M. 2003. “The validation parameter for assessing the degree of attachment in different types of close relationships: Modification of Brennan Inventory of experiences in close relationships”. Contemporary Psychology, br. 6(1): 73-92
[26] Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. 2002. Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT): User’s manual. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems
[27] Mayer, D. & Salovey, P. 1990. Emotional intelligence, Imagination, Congition and Personality, 9, San Francisko
[28] Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D. R., & Salovey, P. 1999. “Emotional intelligence meets traditional standards for an intelligence”. Intelligence, 27, 267-298.
[29] Mayer, J. D., Roberts, R. D., & Barsade, S. G. 2008. “Human abilities: Emotional intelligence”. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 507-536.
[30] Martin, R. A., Puhlik-Doris, P., Larsen, G., Gray, J., & Weir, K. 2003. “Individual differences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being: Development of the Humor Styles Questionnaire”. Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 48-75.
[31] Nikic, G., Mitrovic, М., Travica, V. 2014. “The quality of business communications depending on the attachment style, social emotional competences and personality traits”. Industrija, 42(4) Ekonomics Institute, Belgrade, Serbia
[32] Nikic, G., Travica,V., Mitrovic, М. 2014. “Differences between employees and managers regarding socio-emotional competences”. Serbian Journal of Management, 9(2), Bor, Serbia
[33] O’Boyle, E. H., Humphrey, R. H., Pollack, J. M., Hawver, T. H., & Story, P. A. 2010. The relation between emotional intelligence and job performance: a meta-analysis. Journal of Organizational Behavior. DOI: 10.1002/job.714.
[34] Palmer, B. R., Gignac, G., Monocha, R., & Stough, C. 2005. A psychometric evaluation of the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test version 2.0. Intelligence, 33, 285-305.
[35] Rueckert, L., & Naybar, N. 2008. „Gender differences in empathy: The role of the right hemisphere”. Brain and Cognition, 67, 162-167.
[36] Salovey, P., & Mayer, J.D. 1990. Emotional Intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9.
[37] Simić, I., Stoiljković, S., Todorović, J. 2013. „Doživljaj porodičnih odnosa, empatija i novčani prihodi porodice”. ТЕМЕ, XXXVII, 2, april-jun 2013, 719-734. ISSN 0353-7919.
[38] Shahzad, S., & Nasreen, B. 2012. Gender Differences in Trait Emotional Intelligence: A Comparative Study. Salman Shahzad; Nasreen Bagum // IBA Business Review; Jul-Dec 2012, 7(2): 106.
[39] Sternberg, R. 1985. Beyond I. Q., New York: Cambridge University Press
[40] Stojiljković, S.D. 1997. “Osetljivost za druge i altruističko ponašanje.” In Vaspitanje i altruizam, ed. Joksimović Snežana, Gašić-Pavišić Slobodanka i Ljiljana Miočinović, 197-209. Beograd: Institut za pedagoška istraživanja / IPI.
[41] Takšić, V., & Moharić, T., Munjas, R. 2006. Emocionalna inteligencija: teorija, operacionalizacija, primjena i povezanost s pozitivnom psihologijom. Rijeka: Filozofski fakultet.
[42] Vukosavljević-Gvozden, T., i Hanak, N. 2007. “Kapacitet za empatiju različitih organizacija afektivnog vezivanja odraslih.” U Afektivno vezivanje: teorija, istraživanja, psihoterapija, ur. N. Hanak i A. Dimitrijević, 183–206. Beograd: Fakultet za specijalnu edukaciju i rehabilitaciju.
[43] Zohar, D., & Marshall, I. 2004. Spiritual capital. Wealth we can live by. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
[44] Zuckerman, M. 2002. Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ): An alternative five factorial model. In Big Five Assessment, ed. B. DeRaad, and M. Perusini, 377-396. Seattle: Hogrefe and Huber Publishers.