Entrepreneurship and SMEs in Malaysia: Need to Nurture Women Entrepreneurship
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Sep 29, 2017
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Abstract
This paper sheds light on the importance of entrepreneurship phenomenon and the role of SMEs in entrepreneurship. Based on the existing body of knowledge, it aims at highlighting the need to promulgate neglected women entrepreneurship phenomenon in Malaysia. For this, it glances through the literature regarding SMEs and entrepreneurship developments around the world and in Malaysia. It also presents the role casted by the Malaysian government in fostering entrepreneurship through promoting and inculcating SMEs, providing a big thrust to economy through their innovation. However, it is described that despite of all its developments a yet to be explored phenomenon of women entrepreneurship is still standing silently in the queue waiting for its turn to be acknowledged fully. It is therefore suggested to invite more researches on women entrepreneurship specifically in Malaysia to explore its importance and as such draw attention of policy makers and stakeholders to incubate and flourish this phenomenon.
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References
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[2] Acs, ZJ & Audretsch, DB. 2003. Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research, SpringerScience+ Business Media Inc, New York.
[3] Agupusi, P. 2007. Small business development and poverty alleviation in Alexandra, South Africa. In second meeting of the Society for the Study of Economic Inequality (ECINEQ Society), Berlin.
[4] Ahmad, N. H. 2007. A cross cultural study of entrepreneurial competencies and entrepreneurial success in SMEs in Australia and Malaysia. (A Dissertation submitted to The University of Adelaide)
[5] Alam, Zizah Che Senik & Fauzi Mohd Jani. 2012. ‘An Exploratory Study of Women Entrepreneurs in Malaysia: Motivation and Problems.’ Journal of Management Research, ISSN 1941-899X 2012, 4(4) doi:10.5296/jmr.v4i4.2377 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jmr.v4i4.2377
[6] Arham, A. F. 2014. “Leadership and Performance: The Case of Malaysian SMEs in the Services Sector.” International Journal of Asian Social Science, 4(3): 343-355.
[7] Ariff, M., & Abubakar, S. Y. 2003. Strengthening entrepreneurship in Malaysia. Malaysian Institute of Economic Research, Kuala Lumpur.
[8] Aris, N. M. 2007. SMEs: Building Blocks for Economic Growth. Department of Statistics Malaysia.
[9] Baron, RA. 2002. “OB and Entrepreneurship: The Reciprocal Benefits of Closer Conceptual Links.” Research In Organizational Behavior, 24: 225-269.
[10] Bekele, E., & Worku, Z. 2008. “Women entrepreneurship in micro, small and medium enterprises: the case of Ethiopia.” Journal of International Women's Studies, 10(2): 3-19.
[11] Birley, S., Moss, C., & Saunders, P. 1987. “Do women entrepreneurs require different training?.” American Journal of Small Business, 12(1): 27-35.
[12] Brindley, C. 2005. “Barriers to women achieving their entrepreneurial potential: Women and risk.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 11(2): 144-161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13552550510590554
[13] Brush, C. and Hisrich, R.D. 1999. ‘Women-Owned Businesses: Why Do They Matter? in Z.J. Acs (ed.), Are Small Firms Important? Their Role and Impact, Norwell MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 111–27.
[14] Bruyat, C., & Julien, P. A. 2001. Defining the field of research in entrepreneurship. Journal of business venturing, 16(2), 165-180.
[15] Buang, N.A. 2012. Entrepreneurs' Resilience Measurement, Entrepreneurship - Born, Made and Educated, Prof. Thierry Gartner -Helmchen (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-51-0210-6, In Tech, Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/entrepreneurship-born-made-and-educated/entrepreneurs-resiliencemeasurement
[16] Carter, N., Anderson, S. and Shaw, E. 2001, Women’s Business Ownership: A Review of the Academic, Popular and Internet Literature, report to the Small Business Service. Department of Trade and Industry, London.
[17] Carter, S., Wilson, F., Shaw, E. and Lam, W. 2006, “Gender, entrepreneurship and business finance: investigating the relationship between banks and entrepreneurs in the UK.” In Growth-Oriented Women Entrepreneurs and Their Businesses, ed. Brush, C., Carter, S., Gatewood, E., Greene, P. and Hart, M., 373-92. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
[18] Casson, M. 2003. The Entrepreneur an Economic Theory. 2nd edn. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK.
[19] Ching, P. W. 2004. The Development of the Malaysian Economy. Pearson, Malaysia.
[20] Dhamodharan, V., & Sundari, M. 2011. Augmenting Entrepreneurship among Management Graduates. Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management Science, 1 (Inaugural Special Issue), 17-19.
[21] Djordjević, D., Ćoćkalo, D., Sajfert, Z., Bogetic, S., & Nikolić, M. 2012. An analysis of the developing capacities of SMEs in the Republic of Serbia. Metalurgia International, 17(2): 76-82. Retrieved from www.scopus.com
[22] Enhai, Y. 2011. Are women entrepreneurs more likely to share power than men entrepreneurs in decision-making? International Journal of Business and Management 6: 111-119.
[23] Enterprise Europe Network, European Commission, retrieved from: http://www.brusselsnetwork.be/eu-funding-m/1152-25-billion-to-boost-business-competitiveness-a-smes-2014-2020.html (28 February 2013).
[24] Entrepreneurship, G. 2014. Development Institute 2013. The Gender Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index (GEDI).
[25] European Commission 2010/2011: “SBA Fact Sheet 2010/11: England,” European Commission (Online). http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sme/facts-figures-analysis/performance-review/files/countries-sheets/2010-2011/uk_en.pdf (25 September 2014).
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[28] Fiet, J. O. 2001. The pedagogical side of entrepreneurship theory. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(2): 101-117.
[29] Gartner, W. B. 1988. Who is an entrepreneur? Is the wrong question. American journal of small business, 12(4): 11-32.
[30] Gibson, T., & Van der Vaart, H. J. 2008. Defining SMEs: A less imperfect way of defining small and medium enterprises in developing countries. Brookings Global Economy and Development.
[31] Hashim, J. 2008. Learning barriers in adopting ICT among selected working women in Malaysia. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 23(5): 317-336.
[32] Hindle, K. 2000. “An empirical and logical exploration of the strategic compatibility of best practice and product innovation: preliminary insights from Australian and New Zealand manufacturing industry.” In AMS 2000: Developments in marketing science, volume XXIII: proceedings of the annual conference of the Academy of Marketing Science, 1-16. Montreal, May 24-27, 2000.
[33] Hung, D. K. M., Abdullah-Effendi, A., Talib, L. S. A., & Abdul-Rani, N. A. B. 2004. A preliminary study of top SMEs in Malaysia: Key success factors vs government support programs. Cultural Background and Firm Performances of Indigenous (“Bumiputera”) Malay Family Firms in Malaysia: The Role of Entrepreneurial Orientation as a Mediating Variable. 3.
[34] Industry Canada 2013. Key Small Business Statistics - August 2013. Retrieved from: http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/061.nsf/eng/02801.html as on 29, September 2014.
[35] Kantor, P. 2002, “Gender, microenterprise success and cultural context: the case of South Asia”, Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 26: 131-43.
[36] Khandwalla, P. N. 1977. The design of organizations (Vol. 260). New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
[37] Koe, W. L., & Majid, I. A. 2013. “Sustainable Entrepreneurship among Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia.” International Journal, 2(4).
[38] Lukács, E. 2005. “The economic role of SMEs in world economy, especially in Europe.” European Integration Studies, (1 (4): 3-12.
[39] Mahmood, R., & Hanafi, N. (2013). “Entrepreneurial orientation and business performance of women-owned small and medium enterprises in malaysia: competitive advantage as a mediator.” International Journal of Business and Social Science (IJBSS), 4(1): 82-90.
[40] Man, T.W.Y. and Lau, T. 2005, “The context of entrepreneurship in Hong Kong: an investigation through the patterns of entrepreneurial competencies in contrasting industrial environments.” Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 12(4): 464-81.
[41] Maritz, A. 2006. “A Cross-Tasman Perspective of Entrepreneurial Orientation of Franchisees.” New Zealand Journal of Applied Business Research, 5(1): 1-6.
[42] Markatou, M. 2012. “The Role and the Importance of the Greek SMEs in the Production of Innovation.” Journal of Innovation & Business Best Practice. 2012: 1-10.
[43] Markman, G. D. 2007. “Entrepreneurs’ Competencies.” In The Psychology of Entrepreneurship, ed. J.R. Baum, M. Frese, R.A. Baron. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
[44] Marlow, S. and Carter, S. 2004. “Accounting for Change: Professional Status, Gender Disadvantage and Self-employment.” Women in Management Review, 19(1): 5-17.
[45] Miller, D., & Friesen, P. H. 1982. “Innovation in conservative and entrepreneurial firms: two models of strategic momentum.” Strategic Management Journal, 3:1-25.
[46] Ministry of Women and Family Development. 2003. The Progress of Malaysian Women since Independence 1957-2000. Retrieved September 10, 2014, from http://www.undp.org.my/uploads/ProgressOfMalaysianWomen.pdf
[47] Minniti, M., & Lévesque, M. 2008. “Recent developments in the economics of entrepreneurship.” Journal of Business venturing, 23(6): 603-612.
[48] Minniti, M., & Naudé, W. 2010. “What do we know about the patterns and determinants of female entrepreneurship across countries & quest.” European Journal of Development Research, 22(3): 277-293.
[49] MITI – Ministry of International Trade and Industry. 2005. “The Third Industrial Master Plan (IMP3)”, on line and available at http://www.miti.gov.my/miti-imp3.html, retrieved on 26 August 2005.
[50] Naman, J. L., & Slevin, D. P. 1993. “Entrepreneurship and the concept of fit: a model and empirical tests.” Strategic management journal, 14(2), 137-153.
[51] Nel, P., Maritz, A., & Thongprovati, O. 2010. “Motherhood and entrepreneurship: the mumpreneur phenomenon.” International Journal of Organizational Innovation, 3(1): 6-34.
[52] Reynolds, P. D. 2000. “National panel study of US business startups: Background and methodology.” Advances in entrepreneurship, firm emergence and growth, 4(1), 153-227.
[53] Roomi, M. A., & Parrott, G. 2008. “Barriers to development and progression of women entrepreneurs in Pakistan.” Journal of Entrepreneurship, 17(1), 59-72.
[54] Saleh, A. S., & Ndubisi, N. O. 2006. “An evaluation of SME development in Malaysia.” International Review of Business Research Papers, 2(1), 1-14.
[55] Schumpeter, J. 1911. The theory of economic development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Revised editions in 1934 and 1961)
[56] Schumpeter, J.A. 1934. The Theory of Economic Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
[57] Segal, G., Borgia, D., & Schoenfeld, J. 2005. “The motivation to become an entrepreneur.” International journal of entrepreneurial behaviour & research, 11(1), 42-57.
[58] Siong-Choy, C. 2007. “Theorising a framework of factors influencing performance of women entrepreneurs in Malaysia.” Journal of Asia Entrepreneurship and Sustainability, 3(2).
[59] Small Business Association (SBA). 1998. USA, The Annual Report on Small Business and Competition, A Report of the President 1998 Together with the Office of Advocacy’s Annual Report on Small Business and Competition United States Government Printing OfficeWashington: 1999
[60] SME Annual Report 2012/13. National SME Development Council, September 2013. Retrieved from: http://www.smecorp.gov.my/vn2/node/717 on 20thSeptember, 2014
[61] SME Annual Report 2013/14. National SME Development Council, August 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.smecorp.gov.my/ on 20th August, 2015
[62] SMIDEC. 2002. SME Performance Report. Small & Medium Development Corporation, Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Berhad, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
[63] SMIDEC. 2012. SME Annual Report 2011/2012, National SME Development Council. Malaysia. Report on Support to SMEs in Developing Countries through Financial Intermediaries, 2011
[64] Stokes, D. 2006. Marketing and the small business. In Enterprise and Small Business: Principles, Practice, and Poicy, ed. S. Carter & D. Jones-Evans. Harlow, England, Pearson Education Limited.
[65] Storey, D. J. 1994. Understanding the small business sector. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign's Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship.
[66] Storey, D. J. (Ed.). 2000. Small business: critical perspectives on business and management. Vol 2. Taylor & Francis.
[67] Teoh, W. M. Y., & Chong, S. C. 2014. “Towards strengthening the development of women entrepreneurship in Malaysia.” Gender in Management: An International Journal, 29(7).
[68] Timmons, JA & Spinelli, S. 2009. New Venture Creation Entrepreneurship for the 21st Century. 8th edn. McGraw-Hill Irwin, Boston.
[69] The State of Women-Owned Businesses Report. 2014. commissioned by American Express OPEN retrieved from: http://thewomenablerblog.com/2014/08/14/state-of-women-owned-businesses-report-published/
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