The Position of Female Entrepreneurs in the European Union and Transition Countries
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
In the European Union at the level of the European Commission the principle of gender equality, called gender mainstreaming, has been introduced in all areas of activities and policy. The term "gender mainstreaming" is the key and it has been accepted for the implementation of policies of gender equality in the EU Member States, that, according to the definition of the Council of Europe means reorganization, improvement, development and evaluation of political processes in a way that the perspective of gender equality is included in all policies at all levels and degrees, by the actors involved in political decision-making. Although women constitute the majority of the world's population, in the field of entrepreneurial activities they constitute the minority due to their socially, economically and politically inferior position with regard to men. Sex-related inequalities on the labor market and in entrepreneurial activities are connected to unequal educational and training opportunities which are further reflected to their choice of profession and possibilities for advancement. The change in social paradigms has radically altered the balance of powers between women and men in society at large, as well as in business. However, the fact is that there are fewer women entrepreneurs in relation to men. The aim of the paper is to identify the major obstacles encountered by women in a business. This paper also serves to support the entrepreneurship of women and to promote its development.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Once the manuscript is accepted for publication, authors shall transfer the copyright to the publisher. If the submitted manuscript is not accepted for printing by the journal, the authors shall retain all their rights. The following rights on the manuscript are transferred to the publisher, including any supplementary materials and any parts, extracts or elements of the manuscript:
- the right to reproduce and distribute the manuscript in printed form, including print-on-demand;
- the right to print prepublications, reprints and special editions of the manuscript;
- the right to translate the manuscript into other languages;
- the right to reproduce the manuscript using photomechanical or similar means including, but not limited to photocopy, and the right to distribute these copies;
- the right to reproduce and distribute the manuscript electronically or optically using and all data carriers or storage media, and especially in machine readable/digitalized form on data carriers such as hard drive, CD-ROM, DVD, Blu-ray Disc (BD), Mini Disc, data tapes, and the right to reproduce and distribute the article via these data carriers;
- the right to store the manuscript in databases, including online databases, as well as the right to transmit the manuscript in all technical systems and modes;
- the right to make the manuscript available to the public or to closed user groups on individual demand, for use on monitors or other readers (including e-books), and in printable form for the user, either via the Internet, online service, or via internal or external networks.
Authors reserve the copyright to published articles and have the right to use the article in the same manner like third parties in accordance with the licence Attribution-Non-Commercial-Non-Derivate 4.0 International (CC BY NC ND). Thereby they must quote the basic bibliographic data of the source article published in the journal (authors, article title, journal title, volume, pagination).
References
Bosma Niels, Acs Zoltan J., Autio Erkko, Coduras Alicia, Levie Jonathan, Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, 2008 Executive Report, College Babson Park, MA US, Babson, 2008
Commission Of The European Communities, A Roadmap for equality between women and men 2006-2010, Brussels, 2006. Available from eur-lex, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2006:0092:FIN:EN:DOC. Accessed 15 January 2009
Council of Europe: Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers to member states on balanced participation of women and men in political and public decision making explanatory memorandum, Directorate General of Human Rights, Strasbourg, 2003. Available from http://www.coe.int/T/E/Human_Rights/Equality/PDF_Rec(2003)03_E.pdf. Accessed 20 January 2009
European Commission, Women and men in decision-making 2007 - Analysis of the situation and trends. Report on line. Directorate General for Employment, Socila Affairs and Equal Opportunities, Office for Oficial Publications of the European Communities, Luxemburg, 2008. Available from http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/publications/2008/ke8108186_en.pdf. Accessed 20 January 2009
Eurostat Site3-TGM Table (on line), Gender pay gap in unadjusted form in % (Structure of Earnings Survey source – 2002 and 2006 onwards) Available from: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tsiem040. Accessed 21 January 2009
Jalušič, Vlasta, Antic Milica, Women – Politic s- Equal opportunities, prospects for Gender Equality Politics in Central and Eastern Europe, Research for the project, Peace Institute Ljubljana, 2001. Available from: http://www.mirovni-institut.si/eng_html/articles/jalusic_antic.doc. Accesed 20 January 2009
Metcalfe Beverly Dawn and Afanassieva Marianne, (On line magazine) Gender, Work and Equal Opportunities in Central and Eastern Europe, Women in Management Review, Volume 20, Number 6, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2005, pg 397 - 411
Republički zavod za statistiku Srbije, Žene i muškarci u Srbiji, Službeni glasnik, Beograd, 2008.